@article{Konrad2017-lr,

title = {Uneven onset and pace of ice‐dynamical imbalance in the Amundsen 

 Sea Embayment, West Antarctica},

author = {Hannes Konrad and Lin Gilbert and Stephen L Cornford and Antony Payne and Anna Hogg and Alan Muir and Andrew Shepherd},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},

volume = {44},

number = {2},

pages = {910–918},

publisher = {American Geophysical Union (AGU)},

abstract = {AbstractWe combine measurements acquired by five satellite 

 altimeter missions to obtain an uninterrupted record of ice 

 sheet elevation change over the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West 

 Antarctica, since 1992. Using these data, we examine the onset 

 of surface lowering arising through ice‐dynamical imbalance, and 

 the pace at which it has propagated inland, by tracking 

 elevation changes along glacier flow lines. Surface lowering has 

 spread slowest (},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Smedsrud2017-se,

title = {Fram Strait sea ice export variability and September Arctic sea 

 ice extent over the last 80 years},

author = {Lars H Smedsrud and Mari H Halvorsen and Julienne C Stroeve and Rong Zhang and Kjell Kloster},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Cryosphere},

volume = {11},

number = {1},

pages = {65–79},

publisher = {Copernicus GmbH},

abstract = {Abstract. A new long-term data record of Fram Strait sea ice 

 area export from 1935 to 2014 is developed using a combination 

 of satellite radar images and station observations of surface 

 pressure across Fram Strait. This data record shows that the 

 long-term annual mean export is about 880 000 km2, representing 

 10 % of the sea-ice-covered area inside the basin. The time 

 series has large interannual and multi-decadal variability but 

 no long-term trend. However, during the last decades, the amount 

 of ice exported has increased, with several years having annual 

 ice exports that exceeded 1 million km2. This increase is a 

 result of faster southward ice drift speeds due to stronger 

 southward geostrophic winds, largely explained by increasing 

 surface pressure over Greenland. Evaluating the trend onwards 

 from 1979 reveals an increase in annual ice export of about +6 

 % per decade, with spring and summer showing larger changes in 

 ice export (+11 % per decade) compared to autumn and winter 

 (+2.6 % per decade). Increased ice export during winter will 

 generally result in new ice growth and contributes to thinning 

 inside the Arctic Basin. Increased ice export during summer or 

 spring will, in contrast, contribute directly to open water 

 further north and a reduced summer sea ice extent through the 

 ice–albedo feedback. Relatively low spring and summer export 

 from 1950 to 1970 is thus consistent with a higher mid-September 

 sea ice extent for these years. Our results are not sensitive to 

 long-term change in Fram Strait sea ice concentration. We find a 

 general moderate influence between export anomalies and the 

 following September sea ice extent, explaining 18 % of the 

 variance between 1935 and 2014, but with higher values since 

 2004.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Foresta2016-hg,

title = {Surface elevation change and mass balance of Icelandic ice caps 

 derived from swath mode CryoSat‐2 altimetry},

author = {L Foresta and N Gourmelen and F Pálsson and P Nienow and H Björnsson and A Shepherd},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-12-01},

journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},

volume = {43},

number = {23},

pages = {12,138–12,145},

publisher = {American Geophysical Union (AGU)},

abstract = {AbstractWe apply swath processing to CryoSat‐2 interferometric 

 mode data acquired over the Icelandic ice caps to generate maps 

 of rates of surface elevation change at 0.5 km postings. This 

 high‐resolution mapping reveals complex surface elevation 

 changes in the region, related to climate, ice dynamics, and 

 subglacial geothermal and magmatic processes. We estimate rates 

 of volume and mass change independently for the six major 

 Icelandic ice caps, 90% of Iceland's permanent ice cover, for 

 five glaciological years between October 2010 and September 

 2015. Annual mass balance is highly variable; during the 

 2014/2015 glaciological year, the Vatnajökull ice cap (~70% 

 of the glaciated area) experienced positive mass balance for the 

 first time since 1992/1993. Our results indicate that between 

 glaciological years 2010/2011and 2014/2015 Icelandic ice caps 

 have lost 5.8 $±$ 0.7 Gt a−1 on average, ~40% less than the 

 preceding 15 years, contributing 0.016 $±$ 0.002 mm a−1 to sea 

 level rise.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hogg2016-nx,

title = {Grounding line migration from 1992 to 2011 on Petermann Glacier, 

 North-West Greenland},

author = {Anna E Hogg and Andrew Shepherd and Noel Gourmelen and Marcus Engdahl},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-12-01},

journal = {J. Glaciol.},

volume = {62},

number = {236},

pages = {1104–1114},

publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},

abstract = {ABSTRACTWe use satellite radar interferometry to investigate 

 changes in the location of the Petermann Glacier grounding line 

 between 1992 and 2011. The grounding line location was 

 identified in 17 quadruple-difference interferograms produced 

 from European Remote Sensing (ERS)-1/2 data – the most 

 extensive time series assembled at any ice stream to date. There 

 is close agreement (20.6 cm) between vertical displacement of 

 the floating ice shelf and relative tide amplitudes simulated by 

 the Arctic Ocean Dynamics-based Tide Model 5 (AODTM-5) Arctic 

 tide model. Over the 19 a period, the groundling line position 

 varied by 470 m, on average, with a maximum range of 7.0 km 

 observed on the north-east margin of the ice stream. Although 

 the mean range (2.8 km) and variability (320 m) of the grounding 

 line position is considerably lower if the unusually variable 

 north-east sector is not considered, our observations 

 demonstrate that large, isolated movements cannot be precluded, 

 thus sparse temporal records should be analysed with care. The 

 grounding line migration observed on Petermann Glacier is not significantly correlated with time (R2 = 0.22) despite reported 

 ice shelf thinning and episodes of large iceberg calving, which 

 suggests that unlike other ice streams, on the south-west margin 

 of the Greenland ice sheet, Petermann Glacier is dynamically 

 stable.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Nowicki2016-co,

title = {Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project (ISMIP6) contribution 

 to CMIP6},

author = {Sophie M J Nowicki and Anthony Payne and Eric Larour and Helene Seroussi and Heiko Goelzer and William Lipscomb and Jonathan Gregory and Ayako Abe-Ouchi and Andrew Shepherd},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-12-01},

journal = {Geosci. Model Dev.},

volume = {9},

number = {12},

pages = {4521–4545},

publisher = {Copernicus GmbH},

abstract = {Abstract. Reducing the uncertainty in the past, present, and 

 future contribution of ice sheets to sea-level change requires a 

 coordinated effort between the climate and glaciology 

 communities. The Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for 

 CMIP6 (ISMIP6) is the primary activity within the Coupled Model 

 Intercomparison Project – phase 6 (CMIP6) focusing on the 

 Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. In this paper, we describe 

 the framework for ISMIP6 and its relationship with other 

 activities within CMIP6. The ISMIP6 experimental design relies 

 on CMIP6 climate models and includes, for the first time within 

 CMIP, coupled ice-sheet–climate models as well as standalone 

 ice-sheet models. To facilitate analysis of the multi-model 

 ensemble and to generate a set of standard climate inputs for 

 standalone ice-sheet models, ISMIP6 defines a protocol for all 

 variables related to ice sheets. ISMIP6 will provide a basis for 

 investigating the feedbacks, impacts, and sea-level changes 

 associated with dynamic ice sheets and for quantifying the 

 uncertainty in ice-sheet-sourced global sea-level change.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Cornford2016-gk,

title = {Adaptive mesh refinement versus subgrid friction interpolation 

 in simulations of Antarctic ice dynamics},

author = {S L Cornford and D F Martin and V Lee and A J Payne and E G Ng},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-09-01},

journal = {Ann. Glaciol.},

volume = {57},

number = {73},

pages = {1–9},

publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},

abstract = {ABSTRACTAt least in conventional hydrostatic ice-sheet models, 

 the numerical error associated with grounding line dynamics can 

 be reduced by modifications to the discretization scheme. These 

 involve altering the integration formulae for the basal traction 

 and/or driving stress close to the grounding line and exhibit 

 lower – if still first-order – error in the MISMIP3d 

 experiments. MISMIP3d may not represent the variety of real ice 

 streams, in that it lacks strong lateral stresses, and imposes a 

 large basal traction at the grounding line. We study resolution 

 sensitivity in the context of extreme forcing simulations of the 

 entire Antarctic ice sheet, using the BISICLES adaptive mesh 

 ice-sheet model with two schemes: the original treatment, and a 

 scheme, which modifies the discretization of the basal traction. 

 The second scheme does indeed improve accuracy – by around a 

 factor of two – for a given mesh spacing, but $łesssim 1$ km 

 resolution is still necessary. For example, in coarser 

 resolution simulations Thwaites Glacier retreats so slowly that 

 other ice streams divert its trunk. In contrast, with $łesssim 

 1$ km meshes, the same glacier retreats far more quickly and 

 triggers the final phase of West Antarctic collapse a century 

 before any such diversion can take place.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Igneczi2016-ou,

title = {Northeast sector of the Greenland Ice Sheet to undergo the 

 greatest inland expansion of supraglacial lakes during the 21st 

 century},

author = {Ádám Ignéczi and Andrew J Sole and Stephen J Livingstone and Amber A Leeson and Xavier Fettweis and Nick Selmes and Noel Gourmelen and Kate Briggs},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-09-01},

journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},

volume = {43},

number = {18},

pages = {9729–9738},

publisher = {American Geophysical Union (AGU)},

abstract = {AbstractThe formation and rapid drainage of supraglacial lakes 

 (SGL) influences the mass balance and dynamics of the Greenland 

 Ice Sheet (GrIS). Although SGLs are expected to spread inland 

 during the 21st century due to atmospheric warming, less is 

 known about their future spatial distribution and volume. We use 

 GrIS surface elevation model and regional climate model outputs 

 to show that at the end of the 21st century (2070–2099) 

 approximately 9.8 $±$ 3.9 km3 (+113% compared to 1980‐2009) 

 and 12.6 $±$ 5 km3 (+174%) of meltwater could be stored in 

 SGLs under moderate and high representative concentration 

 pathways (RCP 4.5 and 8.5), respectively. The largest increase 

 is expected in the northeastern sector of the GrIS (191% in RCP 

 4.5 and 320% in RCP 8.5), whereas in west Greenland, where the 

 most SGLs are currently observed, the future increase will be 

 relatively moderate (55% in RCP 4.5 and 68% in RCP 8.5).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Notz2016-lk,

title = {The CMIP6 Sea-Ice Model Intercomparison Project (SIMIP): 

 understanding sea ice through climate-model simulations},

author = {Dirk Notz and Alexandra Jahn and Marika Holland and Elizabeth Hunke and François Massonnet and Julienne Stroeve and Bruno Tremblay and Martin Vancoppenolle},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-09-01},

journal = {Geosci. Model Dev.},

volume = {9},

number = {9},

pages = {3427–3446},

publisher = {Copernicus GmbH},

abstract = {Abstract. A better understanding of the role of sea ice for the 

 changing climate of our planet is the central aim of the 

 diagnostic Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 

 (CMIP6)-endorsed Sea-Ice Model Intercomparison Project (SIMIP). 

 To reach this aim, SIMIP requests sea-ice-related variables from 

 climate-model simulations that allow for a better understanding 

 and, ultimately, improvement of biases and errors in sea-ice 

 simulations with large-scale climate models. This then allows us 

 to better understand to what degree CMIP6 model simulations 

 relate to reality, thus improving our confidence in answering 

 sea-ice-related questions based on these simulations. 

 Furthermore, the SIMIP protocol provides a standard for sea-ice 

 model output that will streamline and hence simplify the 

 analysis of the simulated sea-ice evolution in research projects 

 independent of CMIP. To reach its aims, SIMIP provides a 

 structured list of model output that allows for an examination 

 of the three main budgets that govern the evolution of sea ice, 

 namely the heat budget, the momentum budget, and the mass 

 budget. In this contribution, we explain the aims of SIMIP in 

 more detail and outline how its design allows us to answer some 

 of the most pressing questions that sea ice still poses to the 

 international climate-research community.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Runge2016-fd,

title = {Detecting failure of climate predictions},

author = {Michael C Runge and Julienne C Stroeve and Andrew P Barrett and Eve McDonald-Madden},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-09-01},

journal = {Nat. Clim. Chang.},

volume = {6},

number = {9},

pages = {861–864},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {This study shows how failure to capture system dynamics can be 

 detected in climate model predictions. This information should 

 improve model projections and facilitate better decision-making.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Stone2016-te,

title = {Impact of meltwater on high-latitude early Last Interglacial 

 climate},

author = {Emma J Stone and Emilie Capron and Daniel J Lunt and Antony J Payne and Joy S Singarayer and Paul J Valdes and Eric W Wolff},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-09-01},

journal = {Clim. Past},

volume = {12},

number = {9},

pages = {1919–1932},

publisher = {Copernicus GmbH},

abstract = {Abstract. Recent data compilations of the early Last 

 Interglacial period have indicated a bipolar temperature 

 response at 130 ka, with colder-than-present temperatures in the 

 North Atlantic and warmer-than-present temperatures in the 

 Southern Ocean and over Antarctica. However, climate model 

 simulations of this period have been unable to reproduce this 

 response, when only orbital and greenhouse gas forcings are 

 considered in a climate model framework. Using a full-complexity 

 general circulation model we perform climate model simulations 

 representative of 130 ka conditions which include a magnitude of 

 freshwater forcing derived from data at this time. We show that 

 this meltwater from the remnant Northern Hemisphere ice sheets 

 during the glacial–interglacial transition produces a modelled 

 climate response similar to the observed colder-than-present 

 temperatures in the North Atlantic at 130 ka and also results in 

 warmer-than-present temperatures in the Southern Ocean via the 

 bipolar seesaw mechanism. Further simulations in which the West 

 Antarctic Ice Sheet is also removed lead to warming in East 

 Antarctica and the Southern Ocean but do not appreciably improve 

 the model–data comparison. This integrated model–data approach 

 provides evidence that Northern Hemisphere freshwater forcing is 

 an important player in the evolution of early Last Interglacial 

 climate.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sun2016-dv,

title = {Impact of ocean forcing on the Aurora Basin in the 21st and 22nd 

 centuries},

author = {S Sun and S L Cornford and D E Gwyther and R M Gladstone and B K Galton-Fenzi and L Zhao and J C Moore},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-09-01},

journal = {Ann. Glaciol.},

volume = {57},

number = {73},

pages = {79–86},

publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},

abstract = {ABSTRACTThe grounded ice in the Totten and Dalton glaciers is an 

 essential component of the buttressing for the marine-based 

 Aurora basin, and hence their stability is important to the 

 future rate of mass loss from East Antarctica. Totten and 

 Vanderford glaciers are joined by a deep east-west running 

 subglacial trench between the continental ice sheet and Law 

 Dome, while a shallower trench links the Totten and Dalton 

 glaciers. All three glaciers flow into the ocean close to the 

 Antarctic circle and experience ocean-driven ice shelf melt 

 rates comparable with the Amundsen Sea Embayment. We investigate 

 this combination of trenches and ice shelves with the BISICLES 

 adaptive mesh ice-sheet model and ocean-forcing melt rates 

 derived from two global climate models. We find that ice shelf 

 ablation at a rate comparable with the present day is sufficient 

 to cause widespread grounding line retreat in an east-west 

 direction across Totten and Dalton glaciers, with projected 

 future warming causing faster retreat. Meanwhile, southward 

 retreat is limited by the shallower ocean facing slopes between 

 the coast and the bulk of the Aurora sub-glacial trench. However 

 the two climate models produce completely different future ice 

 shelf basal melt rates in this region: HadCM3 drives increasing 

 sub-ice shelf melting to ~2150, while ECHAM5 shows little or no 

 increase in sub-ice shelf melting under the two greenhouse gas 

 forcing scenarios.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Tilling2016-tq,

title = {Near-real-time Arctic sea ice thickness and volume from 

 CryoSat-2},

author = {Rachel L Tilling and Andy Ridout and Andrew Shepherd},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-09-01},

journal = {Cryosphere},

volume = {10},

number = {5},

pages = {2003–2012},

publisher = {Copernicus GmbH},

abstract = {Abstract. Timely observations of sea ice thickness help us to 

 understand the Arctic climate, and have the potential to support 

 seasonal forecasts and operational activities in the polar 

 regions. Although it is possible to calculate Arctic sea ice 

 thickness using measurements acquired by CryoSat-2, the latency 

 of the final release data set is typically 1 month due to the 

 time required to determine precise satellite orbits. We use a 

 new fast-delivery CryoSat-2 data set based on preliminary orbits 

 to compute Arctic sea ice thickness in near real time (NRT), and 

 analyse this data for one sea ice growth season from October 

 2014 to April 2015. We show that this NRT sea-ice-thickness 

 product is of comparable accuracy to that produced using the 

 final release CryoSat-2 data, with a mean thickness difference 

 of 0.9 cm, demonstrating that the satellite orbit is not a 

 critical factor in determining sea ice freeboard. In addition, 

 the CryoSat-2 fast-delivery product also provides measurements 

 of Arctic sea ice thickness within 3 days of acquisition by the 

 satellite, and a measurement is delivered, on average, within 

 14, 7 and 6 km of each location in the Arctic every 2, 14 and 28 

 days respectively. The CryoSat-2 NRT sea-ice-thickness data set 

 provides an additional constraint for short-term and seasonal 

 predictions of changes in the Arctic ice cover and could support 

 industries such as tourism and transport through assimilation in 

 operational models.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Langley2016-al,

title = {Seasonal evolution of supraglacial lakes on an East Antarctic 

 outlet glacier},

author = {Emily S Langley and Amber A Leeson and Chris R Stokes and Stewart S R Jamieson},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-08-01},

journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},

volume = {43},

number = {16},

pages = {8563–8571},

publisher = {American Geophysical Union (AGU)},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Roberts2016-dh,

title = {The role of basal hydrology in the surging of the Laurentide Ice 

 Sheet},

author = {William H G Roberts and Antony J Payne and Paul J Valdes},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-08-01},

journal = {Clim. Past},

volume = {12},

number = {8},

pages = {1601–1617},

publisher = {Copernicus GmbH},

abstract = {Abstract. We use the Glimmer ice sheet model to simulate 

 periodic surges over the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the Last 

 Glacial Maximum. In contrast to previous studies we use the 

 depth of water at the base of the ice sheet as the switch for 

 these surges. We find that the surges are supported within the 

 model and are quite robust across a very wide range of parameter 

 choices, in contrast to many previous studies where surges only 

 occur for rather specific cases. The robustness of the surges is 

 likely due to the use of water as the switch mechanism for 

 sliding. The statistics of the binge–purge cycles resemble 

 observed Heinrich events. The events have a period of between 10 

 and 15 thousand years and can produce fluxes of ice from the 

 mouth of Hudson Strait of 0.05 Sv – a maximum flux of 0.06 Sv 

 is possible. The events produce an ice volume of 2.50 $times$ 

 106 km3, with a range of 4.30 $times$ 106–1.90 $times$ 106 

 km3 possible. We undertake a suite of sensitivity tests varying 

 the sliding parameter, the water drainage scheme, the sliding 

 versus water depth parameterisation and the resolution, all of 

 which support the ice sheet surges. This suggests that 

 internally triggered ice sheet surges were a robust feature of 

 the Laurentide Ice Sheet and are a possible explanation for the 

 observed Heinrich events.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Stroeve2016-dt,

title = {Mapping and assessing variability in the Antarctic marginal ice 

 zone, pack ice and coastal polynyas in two sea ice algorithms 

 with implications on breeding success of snow petrels},

author = {Julienne C Stroeve and Stephanie Jenouvrier and G Garrett Campbell and Christophe Barbraud and Karine Delord},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-08-01},

journal = {Cryosphere},

volume = {10},

number = {4},

pages = {1823–1843},

publisher = {Copernicus GmbH},

abstract = {Abstract. Sea ice variability within the marginal ice zone (MIZ) 

 and polynyas plays an important role for phytoplankton 

 productivity and krill abundance. Therefore, mapping their 

 spatial extent as well as seasonal and interannual variability 

 is essential for understanding how current and future changes in 

 these biologically active regions may impact the Antarctic 

 marine ecosystem. Knowledge of the distribution of MIZ, 

 consolidated pack ice and coastal polynyas in the total 

 Antarctic sea ice cover may also help to shed light on the 

 factors contributing towards recent expansion of the Antarctic 

 ice cover in some regions and contraction in others. The 

 long-term passive microwave satellite data record provides the 

 longest and most consistent record for assessing the proportion 

 of the sea ice cover that is covered by each of these ice 

 categories. However, estimates of the amount of MIZ, 

 consolidated pack ice and polynyas depend strongly on which sea 

 ice algorithm is used. This study uses two popular passive 

 microwave sea ice algorithms, the NASA Team and Bootstrap, and 

 applies the same thresholds to the sea ice concentrations to 

 evaluate the distribution and variability in the MIZ, the 

 consolidated pack ice and coastal polynyas. Results reveal that 

 the seasonal cycle in the MIZ and pack ice is generally similar 

 between both algorithms, yet the NASA Team algorithm has on 

 average twice the MIZ and half the consolidated pack ice area as 

 the Bootstrap algorithm. Trends also differ, with the Bootstrap 

 algorithm suggesting statistically significant trends towards 

 increased pack ice area and no statistically significant trends 

 in the MIZ. The NASA Team algorithm on the other hand indicates 

 statistically significant positive trends in the MIZ during 

 spring. Potential coastal polynya area and amount of broken ice 

 within the consolidated ice pack are also larger in the NASA 

 Team algorithm. The timing of maximum polynya area may differ by 

 as much as 5 months between algorithms. These differences lead 

 to different relationships between sea ice characteristics and 

 biological processes, as illustrated here with the breeding 

 success of an Antarctic seabird.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Asay-Davis2016-yl,

title = {Experimental design for three interrelated marine ice sheet and 

 ocean model intercomparison projects: MISMIP v. 3 (MISMIP 

 +), ISOMIP v. 2 (ISOMIP +) and MISOMIP v. 1 (MISOMIP1)},

author = {Xylar S Asay-Davis and Stephen L Cornford and Gaël Durand and Benjamin K Galton-Fenzi and Rupert M Gladstone and G Hilmar Gudmundsson and Tore Hattermann and David M Holland and Denise Holland and Paul R Holland and Daniel F Martin and Pierre Mathiot and Frank Pattyn and Hélène Seroussi},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-07-01},

journal = {Geosci. Model Dev.},

volume = {9},

number = {7},

pages = {2471–2497},

publisher = {Copernicus GmbH},

abstract = {Abstract. Coupled ice sheet–ocean models capable of simulating 

 moving grounding lines are just becoming available. Such models 

 have a broad range of potential applications in studying the 

 dynamics of marine ice sheets and tidewater glaciers, from 

 process studies to future projections of ice mass loss and sea 

 level rise. The Marine Ice Sheet–Ocean Model Intercomparison 

 Project (MISOMIP) is a community effort aimed at designing and 

 coordinating a series of model intercomparison projects (MIPs) 

 for model evaluation in idealized setups, model verification 

 based on observations, and future projections for key regions of 

 the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS). Here we describe 

 computational experiments constituting three interrelated MIPs 

 for marine ice sheet models and regional ocean circulation 

 models incorporating ice shelf cavities. These consist of ice 

 sheet experiments under the Marine Ice Sheet MIP third phase 

 (MISMIP+), ocean experiments under the Ice Shelf-Ocean MIP 

 second phase (ISOMIP+) and coupled ice sheet–ocean experiments 

 under the MISOMIP first phase (MISOMIP1). All three MIPs use a 

 shared domain with idealized bedrock topography and forcing, 

 allowing the coupled simulations (MISOMIP1) to be compared 

 directly to the individual component simulations (MISMIP+ and 

 ISOMIP+). The experiments, which have qualitative similarities 

 to Pine Island Glacier Ice Shelf and the adjacent region of the 

 Amundsen Sea, are designed to explore the effects of changes in 

 ocean conditions, specifically the temperature at depth, on 

 basal melting and ice dynamics. In future work, differences 

 between model results will form the basis for the evaluation of 

 the participating models.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Briggs2016-fi,

title = {Charting ice sheet contributions to global sea level rise},

author = {Kate Briggs and Andrew Shepherd and Anna Hogg and Erik Ivins and Nicole Schlegel and Ian Joughin and Ben Smith and Gerhard Krinner and Gorka Moyano and Sophie Nowicki and Tony Payne and Eric Rignot and Isabella Velicogna and Ted Scambos and Michiel Broeke and Pippa Whitehouse},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-07-01},

journal = {Eos (Washington DC)},

volume = {97},

publisher = {American Geophysical Union (AGU)},

abstract = {An international team produced an integrated assessment of polar 

 ice mass losses in 2012. Now efforts to provide an up-to-date 

 assessment are under way, with an open invitation for 

 participation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{McMillan2016-bl,

title = {A high‐resolution record of Greenland mass balance},

author = {Malcolm McMillan and Amber Leeson and Andrew Shepherd and Kate Briggs and Thomas W K Armitage and Anna Hogg and Peter Kuipers Munneke and Michiel Broeke and Brice Noël and Willem Jan Berg and Stefan Ligtenberg and Martin Horwath and Andreas Groh and Alan Muir and Lin Gilbert},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-07-01},

journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},

volume = {43},

number = {13},

pages = {7002–7010},

publisher = {American Geophysical Union (AGU)},

abstract = {AbstractWe map recent Greenland Ice Sheet elevation change at 

 high spatial (5 km) and temporal (monthly) resolution using 

 CryoSat‐2 altimetry. After correcting for the impact of changing 

 snowpack properties associated with unprecedented surface 

 melting in 2012, we find good agreement (3 cm/yr bias) with 

 airborne measurements. With the aid of regional climate and firn 

 modeling, we compute high spatial and temporal resolution records of Greenland mass evolution, which correlate (R = 0.96) 

 with monthly satellite gravimetry and reveal glacier dynamic 

 imbalance. During 2011–2014, Greenland mass loss averaged 269 

 $±$ 51 Gt/yr. Atmospherically driven losses were widespread, 

 with surface melt variability driving large fluctuations in the 

 annual mass deficit. Terminus regions of five dynamically 

 thinning glaciers, which constitute less than 1% of Greenland's 

 area, contributed more than 12% of the net ice loss. This 

 high‐resolution record demonstrates that mass deficits extending 

 over small spatial and temporal scales have made a relatively 

 large contribution to recent ice sheet imbalance.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Armitage2016-cd,

title = {Arctic sea surface height variability and change from satellite 

 radar altimetry and GRACE, 2003–2014},

author = {Thomas W K Armitage and Sheldon Bacon and Andy L Ridout and Sam F Thomas and Yevgeny Aksenov and Duncan J Wingham},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-06-01},

journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Oceans},

volume = {121},

number = {6},

pages = {4303–4322},

publisher = {American Geophysical Union (AGU)},

abstract = {AbstractArctic sea surface height (SSH) is poorly observed by 

 radar altimeters due to the poor coverage of the polar oceans 

 provided by conventional altimeter missions and because large 

 areas are perpetually covered by sea ice, requiring specialized 

 data processing. We utilize SSH estimates from both the 

 ice‐covered and ice‐free ocean to present monthly estimates of 

 Arctic Dynamic Ocean Topography (DOT) from radar altimetry south 

 of 81.5°N and combine this with GRACE ocean mass to estimate 

 steric height. Our SSH and steric height estimates show good 

 agreement with tide gauge records and geopotential height 

 derived from Ice‐Tethered Profilers. The large seasonal cycle of 

 Arctic SSH (amplitude ∼5 cm) is dominated by seasonal steric 

 height variation associated with seasonal freshwater fluxes, and 

 peaks in October–November. Overall, the annual mean steric 

 height increased by 2.2 $±$ 1.4 cm between 2003 and 2012 

 before falling to circa 2003 levels between 2012 and 2014 due to 

 large reductions on the Siberian shelf seas. The total secular 

 change in SSH between 2003 and 2014 is then dominated by a 2.1 

 $±$ 0.7 cm increase in ocean mass. We estimate that by 2010, 

 the Beaufort Gyre had accumulated 4600 km3 of freshwater 

 relative to the 2003–2006 mean. Doming of Arctic DOT in the 

 Beaufort Sea is revealed by Empirical Orthogonal Function 

 analysis to be concurrent with regional reductions in the 

 Siberian Arctic. We estimate that the Siberian shelf seas lost 

 ∼180 km3 of freshwater between 2003 and 2014, associated with an 

 increase in annual mean salinity of 0.15 psu yr−1. Finally, 

 ocean storage flux estimates from altimetry agree well with 

 high‐resolution model results, demonstrating the potential for 

 altimetry to elucidate the Arctic hydrological cycle.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mortin2016-ze,

title = {Melt onset over Arctic sea ice controlled by atmospheric 

 moisture transport},

author = {Jonas Mortin and Gunilla Svensson and Rune G Graversen and Marie-Luise Kapsch and Julienne C Stroeve and Linette N Boisvert},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-06-01},

journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},

volume = {43},

number = {12},

pages = {6636–6642},

publisher = {American Geophysical Union (AGU)},

abstract = {AbstractThe timing of melt onset affects the surface energy 

 uptake throughout the melt season. Yet the processes triggering 

 melt and causing its large interannual variability are not well 

 understood. Here we show that melt onset over Arctic sea ice is 

 initiated by positive anomalies of water vapor, clouds, and air 

 temperatures that increase the downwelling longwave radiation 

 (LWD) to the surface. The earlier melt onset occurs; the 

 stronger are these anomalies. Downwelling shortwave radiation 

 (SWD) is smaller than usual at melt onset, indicating that melt 

 is not triggered by SWD. When melt occurs early, an anomalously 

 opaque atmosphere with positive LWD anomalies preconditions the 

 surface for weeks preceding melt. In contrast, when melt begins 

 late, clearer than usual conditions are evident prior to melt. 

 Hence, atmospheric processes are imperative for melt onset. It 

 is also found that spring LWD increased during recent decades, 

 consistent with trends toward an earlier melt onset.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}