The Net Zero Polar Science (NZPS) Doctoral Training Programme (DTP) has welcomed its first cohort of PhD researchers, marking the launch of a new UK-based multi-institute initiative to develop the next generation of scientists to deliver high-impact environmental science with a reduced carbon footprint.

NZPS-DTP, led by the UK Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling (CPOM) based at Northumbria University, with Lancaster University, the University of Leeds, the University of Reading, and the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) as core partners, addresses grand polar science challenges more sustainably, involving the evaluation, innovative use, and creation of low-carbon technological solutions across all areas of environmental science. The programme aims to equip its students with expertise urgently needed to plug the UK’s green skills gaps in academia, industry, and government.

The programme is primarily funded by a Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Doctoral Focal Award which is contributing £2.6 million into the programme, with co-funding from partner universities and industrial partners, and aims to recruit 49 doctoral researchers over three annual cohorts.

Despite major advances, polar science has significant knowledge gaps owing to the difficulty of surveying remote environments, and these gaps limit our ability to make reliable future projections of the changing environment.

“Since the satellite era began, our understanding of the polar regions has improved considerably. However, there are still many uncertainties, and Earth System processes we don’t fully understand. There’s still lots of work needed to fully understand how these regions are changing and what this might mean for the rest of the planet. It is always a concern for environmental scientists that we do as little damage as possible to the regions we are studying. This programme not only focuses on the research, but on reducing the impacts of the science to ensure we are not contributing to the problem of climate change. This involves using new technologies such as drones, machine learning, advanced modelling and digital twins, but also re-using data we already have and rethinking how we power our science using renewable energy sources,” said Dr Sammie Buzzard, NZPS Leadership Team, Northumbria University.

NZPS aims to improve understanding of lesser understood aspects of the Earth System, including submarine cavities, ice sheet grounding lines, ice cliff failure, ice shelf fracture, ice rheology, mountain glacier runoff, sea ice thickness, polar ocean circulation, atmospheric rivers, primary productivity, and habitat change, and addresses questions which we need to answer in order to produce more accurate projections of future environmental scenarios.

The solutions we need for these knowledge gaps must be sustainable and low carbon as the United Kingdom works to reach Net Zero by 2050.

“It is estimated that the UK has a shortfall of aroundv200,000 workers to meet the UK Net Zero target. As we work towards the UK’s Net Zero target of 2050 the UK economy needs STEM graduates trained in green skills. This programme aims to help fill that skills gap, while also ensuring crucial science questions are answered. We ensure that all of our students have the opportunity to work with industrial partners and our programme is tailored to equip them with the skills they need for careers in a range of sectors,” said Dr Charlotte Royle, NZPS Leadership Team, Northumbria University.

13 PhD researchers make up the first cohort, beginning their studies in early October 2026 and focusing on a range of new and emerging technologies, including monitoring of the polar regions using drones, autonomous vehicles, multi-frequency satellite remote sensing, wildlife monitoring, machine learning, digital twins and using advanced modelling (simulations).

Each PhD researcher will take up a funded work placement (typically three months) with one of the programme’s 42 industry partners or external organisations, focusing on a key challenge faced by that partner. This allows researchers to apply their expertise in a real-world setting, build networks, and prepare for a career beyond academia. Potential industry and external partners include organisations such as Limosaero, a UK-based aerospace company combining R&D consultancy in drones with the in-house design, build and operation of a solar-powered uncrewed aircraft, which it offers as a data-collection service.

“As a company developing solar-powered UAVs with extended flight time and range, we see a strong synergy with the NZPS-DTP. Drones offer a cheap, lightweight, on demand complement to satellite data, making them invaluable for building our understanding of pressing environmental issues. We’re excited to support a doctoral programme dedicated to gathering crucial scientific data sustainably, using sustainable technologies to help answer some of environmental science’s most pressing questions,” said Dr Hilary Costello, Limosaero Co-Founder.

NZPS sits within Northumbria’s wider commitment to environmental leadership. The University is the only UK institution leading doctoral training programmes funded by both the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and NERC with an explicit net-zero mandate. Alongside NZPS, Northumbria leads the £11 million Renewable Energy Northeast Universities (ReNU+) centre for doctoral training, together training over 160 researchers in renewable energy, life cycle thinking, circular economy principles and sustainable environmental science. Partners across both programmes include Siemens, Airbus, Johnson Matthey and the Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult.

Media announcement first published on the Northumbria University website (12.10.26). 

Image credit: Lightweight drone collecting data over a frozen fjord in Norway. Marlena Holloway (Northumbria University)

Animation: A visualization of the Land Ice Portal, credit: CPOM

Since the launch of Earth Observation satellite missions, the information we have on ice on Earth has taken a significant leap forward. We can now monitor Earth’s ice without having to go to the poles, but despite this incredible step forward in technology, it is still challenging for scientists to process and interpret the data we acquire from satellite missions.

CPOM’s new land ice portal provides a renewed and improved public access visualization tool for CPOM’s ice sheet monitoring products.

Currently covering Antarctica, with Greenland due to be added shortly, it monitors mass and surface elevation change of the ice sheets, derived from European radar altimetry missions. The data currently spans 1995 to the present, drawing on three European Space Agency (ESA) missions: ERS-2, Envisat, and CryoSat-2, with NASA’s ICESat-2 used for validation purposes.

Processing raw altimetry data is a complex task that CPOM has been developing expertise in for over 20 years. Creating accessible portals saves users significant time and effort by providing high-level elevation and mass change products needed for their research.

The portal supports:

Ice sheet mass balance & sea-level assessment

Elevation-change data underpins the periodic community mass-balance reconciliation exercises (IMBIE), which combine altimetry, gravimetry, and input-output method estimates into the data used in IPCC assessments.

Model initialisation and validation dynamical ice sheet models

BISICLES (used in the UK Earth System Model) and the ISMIP6 model intercomparison use observed elevation/mass trends as boundary conditions and validation targets for future sea-level projections.

Regional/basin studies of specific dynamic imbalance such as Pine Island, Thwaites grounding-line retreat and key areas of Antarctic research.

The portal is designed with enhanced accessibility for users in mind, and offers a quick, straightforward data download function covering 1995–2026, in multiple formats, including uncertainty estimates.

The portal offers two main modes of visualization:

1. Maps showing surface elevation and mass change across the ice sheets.
2. Time series of change for each glaciological drainage basin.

Antarctica is divided into glaciological basins using established polygon definitions developed by various research groups, including critical areas like Pine Island and Thwaites Glacier in West Antarctica, where the majority of mass loss, and therefore sea level contribution, is occurring. Users can view time series for individual basins, for West/East Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula as regions, and for Antarctica as a whole.

What’s New Compared to the Previous Portal?

• Combined mass and elevation change: for the first time, both are available on the same portal (previously only surface elevation change was included). Mass change is particularly important for understanding sea level impacts and deriving it from elevation data involves complex processing.
• CF compliance: products are now fully compliant with the Climate and Forecasting metadata standard, making the data easier to use.
• Cumulative change products: previously only rates of change were provided; now time series of cumulative change is available too, giving users the flexibility to derive their own trends over their period of interest.
• Clickable basin time series: a new interactive feature.
• Cumulative change animations: previously produced in isolated instances, now integrated into a single portal for the first time.

Why Continued Maintenance Matters

Maintaining and improving the portal is an ongoing necessity for several reasons:

1. Contemporary observations: the portal is frequently updated with the latest observations, so users get up-to-date information about the health of the ice sheets.
2. Evolving input data: the space agencies continuously update and revise the raw altimetry data, so the processing pipeline must adapt accordingly.
3. Auxiliary data models: processing relies on auxiliary inputs like firn models (used to account for varying snow density across the ice sheet and how it changes over time), which are also updated regularly and are essential for converting elevation change into mass change.
4. Mission transitions: satellite missions themselves change over time. CryoSat-2 is now well beyond its expected operational lifetime, and its successor, CRISTAL, remains on schedule for launch around 2027. New missions bring different data formats and technologies, requiring updated processing methods.
5. Cross-calibration: time series from different missions must be continuously cross-calibrated to ensure consistency, which is an ongoing process as new missions come online.

A portal for scientists and policymakers

Turning raw altimetry into elevation and mass change requires decades of expertise due to the need for waveform retracking, cross-calibration between missions, firn/SMB corrections, conversion to mass etc., so without a user-facing portal that expertise doesn’t reach most of the community.

Having one standardised, CF-compliant, version-controlled product means results across research groups are comparable and this makes exercises like the Ice Sheet Mass Balance Inter-comparison Exercise (IMBIE) possible.

The portal not only supports users with visualized and downloadable data for their region of interest, making it comparable to their own data and helps initialise ice sheet models used for sea level projects, but it is also useful for policymakers, who can immediately see the scale of ice mass loss from Antarctica and its implications for global sea levels, with time series making long terms trends clear.

Global temperatures are projected to continue to break records in the coming years according to the WMO. The impact on the polar regions, and the knock-on effect of sea level rise and changes in global weather patterns remain key questions in environmental science. By delivering up-to-date, robust and accessible information on the changing ice sheets, CPOM’s land ice portal supports scientists and policymakers as they seek to answer these questions and plan for a future in a warming climate.

About this work

This work is part of PRESCIENT (UK Polar Research Expertise for Science and Society), a joint National Capability programme between the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) and the UK Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling (CPOM), which supports strategically important long-term measurements and capabilities across four science areas: Polar and Mountain Climate Data Records; Southern Ocean Biological Observatories; Antarctica’s Contribution to Sea-Level Rise; and Space Weather. It also delivers National Public Good by providing independent scientific advice to government, business, and wider society.

Visit the CPOM Land Ice Portal (UCL-hosted website).

Video Credit: ESA/NASA IMBIE Initiative. Sea level contribution data from IMBIE; Ice sheet elevation change from satellite altimetry (Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling). In collaboration with Northumbria University, University Grenoble Alpes, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, University of Washington APL, University at Buffalo University of Liverpool, University of California Irvine, Technical University of Denmark, NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Canadian Geodetic Survey, Utrecht University, Université Paris-Saclay, Delft University of Technology, European Space Agency, University of Liège, University College London, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Edinburgh, Danish Meteorological Institute, University of Arizona, Alfred Wegener Institute, Aarhus University, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Lancaster University, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, isardSAT, University of Texas at Austin, Seoul National University, University of Bologna, Indian Institute of Science, WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF.

The longest satellite record ever assembled shows that Greenland and Antarctica have lost 11.3 trillion tonnes of ice since the 1970s, raising global sea levels by more than 3 centimetres – and that most of the loss has come from glaciers flowing faster into the ocean, not from melting at the surface.

An international team of polar scientists has produced the most complete picture of ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica to date. The Ice Sheet Mass Balance Inter-comparison Exercise (IMBIE) Team combined 42 independent satellite surveys, drawing on 27 satellite missions and reaching back to 1972 for Greenland and 1979 for Antarctica using the early Landsat archive.

The findings show the two ice sheets lost 11,309 billion tonnes of ice between 1979 and 2023, pushing global sea levels up by 31.4 millimetres. Greenland accounts for the larger share and Antarctica contributed 13.3 millimetres. Strikingly, 84% of the combined loss was driven by glaciers speeding up and pouring more ice into the ocean, with just 16% due to surface melting.

The polar ice sheets are now responsible for around a quarter of all global sea level rise.

The assessment was led by CPOM Co-Director of Science, Dr Inès Otosaka., Northumbria University, and CPOM Director Professor Andrew Shepherd, Northumbria University, and Dr Tyler Sutterley of the University of Washington Applied Physics Laboratory. It is supported by the European Space Agency (ESA) and the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and is published in the journal Scientific Data.

Dr Inès Otosaka, who led the study, said:

“By reaching back to the 1970s, we can now see how the ice sheets have changed across half a century. More than four-fifths of the ice lost was discharged into the ocean by faster-flowing glaciers, rather than melted at the surface – which tells us the long-term trend is being driven by the dynamic response of the ice sheets to a warming ocean.”

The record shows ice losses climbing steeply from the 1990s onwards. Greenland, close to balance in the 1970s, saw its rate of loss rise from around 60 billion tonnes a year in the 1980s to 264 billion in the 2010s, a decade marked by repeated extreme summer melt events. Antarctica’s rate rose from around 48 billion tonnes a year in the 1980s to 202 billion in the 2010s, with all of its net loss caused by ocean melting of its outlet glaciers; West Antarctica’s ice discharge, led by Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers, has risen in every decade of the record.

The most recent years (2020–2023) brought a temporary slowdown in ice loss. Record snowfall over East Antarctica have offset some of the continent’s glacier losses elsewhere, while a run of milder Greenland summers roughly halved its surface melting. Scientists caution these are short-term fluctuations against a clear long-term trend, not a reversal of ice loss.

The findings also underline the ice sheets’ central role in future sea level rise. Their response to a warming climate is the single largest source of uncertainty in sea level projections: high-end estimates of global sea level rise by 2150 increase by a factor of 2.6 once the risk of ice-sheet instability is accounted for. A continuous, half-century record of how the ice sheets are behaving is therefore vital to anticipating the risks facing the hundreds of millions of people who live in low-lying coastal areas.

Professor Andrew Shepherd, Head of the School of Geography and Natural Science at Northumbria University and founder of IMBIE, said:

“Three centimetres of sea level rise may sound small, but that puts another six to nine million people at risk of coastal flooding and erosion. With the ice sheets set to lose much more ice in the decades ahead, global assessments like IMBIE are vital to protecting communities impacted by climate change.”

Dr Tyler Sutterley, IMBIE co-lead, said:

“The added length of the record, the larger pool of participating teams and our improved ability to assess uncertainties make this the most robust assessment of ice sheet mass balance produced so far. Satellites give us continent-wide, year-on-year evidence of what is happening now, and that is exactly what we need to test models and narrow the uncertainties in projections of future sea level rise.”

Dr Diego Fernández, Head of the Science Section at ESA, said:

“These findings show the fundamental importance of using satellites to monitor the ice sheets and to evaluate the models used to predict the effects of climate change. Sustaining missions such as CryoSat-2 and the Sentinels, and maintaining the long-term ice-sheet climate data record, is critical for the decades ahead.”

Further information

• Read the research in Scientific Data.
• Read the Northumbria University news article.
• Read the ESA.int article about this research.
• Visit the IMBIE website.

Image credits: Professor Andrew Shepherd, Professor Alison Banwell and Dr Sammie Buzzard (Northumbria University).

We are delighted to announce that Professor Daniel Feltham (University of Reading), CPOM Principal Investigator: Sea Ice Modelling, has been awarded the Seligman Crystal by the International Glaciological Society (IGS).

The Seligman Crystal is awarded to a single person or a collaborative group/team that has made exceptional scientific contributions to glaciology, defined as any snow and/or ice studies.

The award recognises Professor Feltham’s pioneering contributions to sea ice physics, from the mechanics of how ice breaks, drifts, and melts, to the fluid dynamics of melt ponds and their role in accelerating ice loss. His work enhancing the development of the CICE model (the world’s most widely used sea ice model) has ensured the most recent physical discoveries have been incorporated into the code used by the IPCC and national weather services.

Petra Heil, the Chair of the IGS Awards Committee, stated in the citation.

“Professor Feltham’s extensive body of work and his dedication to scientific excellence have made him a towering figure in cryospheric physics. His innovation in applying mathematical rigour to the complex, multi-scale problems of sea ice has transformed how we understand and predict the future of the polar regions.“

You can read the full citation on the IGS website.

Dr Joe Phillips (Lancaster University) will present this science as part of Session CR6.5 on Friday, 08 May, 14:45–14:55 (CEST) in Room L2.

Radar altimetry satellites can measure the elevation of ice sheets by firing radio waves at the surface and timing how long the echo takes to return. However, with only a single antenna, these systems cannot tell exactly where on the surface each echo originated from. Current approaches work around this by making simplifying assumptions that reduce each echo to a single elevation estimate, discarding most of the information the waveform contains.

This work takes a fundamentally different approach. Rather than throwing away that ambiguity, a probabilistic deep learning framework was trained to extract the full range of plausible surface elevations encoded within each echo. An ensemble of 16 deep learning models was trained on 600,000 radar echoes collected by CryoSat-2 over Antarctica between 2012 and 2021, using the Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica (REMA) as ground truth.

The framework was tested over Pine Island Glacier – a region kept entirely separate from training – where it successfully reproduced well-established patterns of ice thinning of 2–3 metres per year. Encouragingly, results closely matched those from CryoSat-2’s interferometric products, which rely on additional information from a second antenna that many satellites do not carry.

This matters because elevation change underpins almost everything we calculate about ice sheets: how much ice is being lost, how much seas are rising, and how reliable our future projections are. Extracting more information from each satellite echo – including from historical missions and future satellites that lack a second antenna – could meaningfully improve all of these estimates.

Find out more by reading the abstract and attending his presentation online or in-person at EGU26.

Feature image credit: ESA

Header image credit: Professor Alison Banwell

Dr Karla Boxall (Lancaster University) will present this science as part of Session CR6.5 on Friday, 08 May, 14:35–14:45 (CEST) in Room L2.

Satellite missions such as CryoSat-2, ICESat-2 and Sentinel-3 provide invaluable data for measuring and monitoring ice sheet elevation change and any associated contributions to sea level. To capitalise fully on the immense value of satellite altimetry, the uncertainty associated with its measurements must be considered. Despite this, there is currently no standardised approach towards estimating uncertainty nor is there a method to assess how well existing uncertainties perform.

Karla, and colleagues from Lancaster University, University College London and Earthwave Ltd., have produced the first framework for evaluating methods of uncertainty generation to find that uncertainties based on the complexity of the landscape as well as the quality of the waveform itself are most robust.

The production of reliable uncertainties in this way is important because failing to incorporate uncertainties into downstream applications of satellite altimetry, such as in ice sheet models, can result in unconstrained estimates of ice mass balance, and ultimately, inaccurate predictions of global sea level change.

Satellite altimetry provides us with crucial data on the Cryosphere. Continuing to refine and improve the way we process that data, including identifying and formalising how we deal with uncertainties, is integral to ensuring the effective use of satellite altimetry data. As the Earth warms, and ice melts, this data will help us plan for, and adapt to, the impacts of a changing climate.

Find out more by reading the abstract and attending her presentation online or in-person at EGU26.

This work is also available as a preprint in The Cryosphere.

Feature image credit: ESA

Header image credit: Professor Alison Banwell

The thicknesses of sea ice and the snow that rests upon it are recognised as Essential Climate Variables by the WMO, critical for understanding, monitoring, and predictions of Earth’s climate. However, snow depth on sea ice is difficult to measure by satellite due to how radar penetrates and scatters off the ice, presenting challenges for assessing sea ice thickness.

The challenges surrounding quantifying this variable can have knock on considerations for monitoring ice mass balance, understanding of polar climate feedbacks, the operational safety of shipping routes, and ecosystems. As snow depth on sea ice is dynamic and precipitation and snow pack properties can evolve through seasons as well as varying over longer timescales due to warming, the gap in understanding could become increasingly consequential over time.

A discovery with the KuKa radar was developed into a novel snow depth retrieval approach. KuKa can be operated looking straight down (using Altimeter mode); and looking at an incidence angle (using Scatterometer Mode); both provide can both waveforms and normalised radar cross section values. Scientists have found that polarisation can help to determine snow depth on Arctic and Antarctic sea ice, which would also support estimations of sea ice thickness.

On Friday 8 May, Dr Rosemary (Rosie) Willatt (UCL) will present at EGU26 on the progress of the Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar Altimeter concept (PoSARA) — a novel satellite instrument concept using polarimetric capability to estimate snow depth on sea ice, land ice and land from space. She will share with the audience how well the technique works over Arctic and Antarctic sea ice, lake ice and Arctic tundra, derived from multiple field campaigns.

“Making the unexpected discovery that using polarisation of waveforms provided accurate estimates of snow depth on sea ice in the initial MOSAiC dataset was exciting – nobody had predicted it but it made sense given existing theory on depolarisation in snow and we found one example of another instrument which observed something similar over a glacier. We then found our approach also worked with KuKa data from the Southern Ocean, and over tundra and lake ice in Churchill and Resolute.” – Said Rosie, commenting on the project for CPOM.

The team has developed the concept through to Scientific Readiness Level (SRL) 3 as part of ESA’s NEOMI initiative (New Earth Observation Mission Ideas). NEOMI aims to scientifically advance new Earth Observation mission ideas, empowering emerging scientists as lead investigators for potential future satellite missions and bold new EO research, and to formulate and develop a new scientific idea for an Earth Observation mission up to SRL 3.

Rosie, who is also CPOM’s Principal Investigator (PI) for Sea Ice Earth Observation, was awarded the ESA inaugural Konrad Steffen Award for a presentation on the early stages of this work, and is PI of the project, developing the concept for space application.

The science behind it has been actively tested in the field more recently too. In April 2025, an all-female field team of polar scientists from CPOM and UCL, including Rosemary Willatt, Julienne Stroeve, Carmen Nab and Alicia Fallows, visited Resolute Bay to investigate the use of this frequency radar and different polarisations on ice and snow.

You can watch a video the team made about the fieldwork here: https://cpom.org.uk/testing-kuka-in-the-arctic-new-video/

Satellites observing Earth’s polar regions give scientists the information they need to monitor how ice sheets and sea ice are changing, quantify their contribution to rising seas, and better understanding the complex ways that melting ice reshapes global weather systems.

Read the abstract and find out more about this ‘Highlight’ presentation on the EGU26 website.

Header image credit: Professor Alison Banwell

Feature image credit: Dr Amy Swiggs

CPOM PhD Researcher Ben Graves (KCL) will present this science as part of Session HS2.1.4 on Tuesday, 05 May, 11:55–12:05 (CEST) in Room 3.29/30.

Meltwater from glaciers is an important source of water for downstream communities, so monitoring and projecting the impacts of glacier retreat on these water sources is important when planning for future changes.

But in regions where there are monsoons this can be particularly challenging, as heavy rainfall can obfuscate contributions from glaciers.

This study, led by Ben, used measurements of the isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen found in water samples to estimate the origin of water flowing in the Dudh Koshi river, Nepal.

Isotopes are different versions of the same chemical element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons in their nucleus. This means they have the same chemical behaviour but slightly different masses.

The research integrated new and previous observations from river and snow samples showing different isotopes, in glacio-hydrological modelling, to trace the water sources.

Preliminary results from samples taken post-monsoon revealed the highest contribution of meltwater ever seen in this region.

Find out more by reading the abstract and attending their presentation online or in-person at EGU26.

Feature image credit: Professor Andrew Shepherd

Header image credit: Professor Alison Banwell

CPOM Doctoral Researcher Yiliang Ma (SCENARIO DTP, University of Reading) will present this science as part of Session CR2.2 on Monday, 04 May, 17:00–17:10 (CEST) in Room L2.

Ice–climate feedbacks, the ways in which ice and climate mutually influence and compound each other, are a crucial element in the mechanisms of ice loss in ice sheets. However, many Earth System Models, designed to project climate change, fail to treat ice sheets as interactive components.

This study, led by Yiliang Ma, uses state-of-the-art UK Earth System Model (UKESM) to run two multi-century climate simulations under high-emissions forcing (SSP5–8.5) to compare and quantify the difference between projects of an evolving Greenland ice sheet against a static one.

Yiliang and the team explored the impacts of incorporating ice-climate feedbacks which showed that a reduction in surface albedo as ice is replaced by darker rock, combined with reduced ice sheet elevation, causes more solar energy to be absorbed and accelerates warming, increasing mass loss.

This research emphasises the importance of Earth System Models incorporating a dynamic Greenland ice sheet. As the ice sheet could contribute 7m to global sea levels it’s crucial feedback loops like those identified in these simulations are reflected in future projections of ice melt, particularly when predicting sea level rise.

Find out more by reading the abstract and attending their presentation online or in-person at EGU26.

Feature image credit: Professor Mal McMillan

Header mage credit: Professor Ali Banwell

This study, led by Dr Lauren Gregoire, uses state-of-the-art coupled model FAMOUS–BISICLES (General Circulation Atmosphere–ice-sheet model) to examine ice sheet changes in the Northern Hemisphere during the two most recent deglaciations (which took place around 21,000 to 7,000 years ago and 140,000 to 128,000 years ago).

The FAMOUS model (Fast Met Office—UK Universities Simulator) produces simulations for atmosphere–ocean, while BISICLES, which was developed in partnership with CPOM scientists, simulates ice sheet dynamics using adaptive mesh refinement for higher resolution in critical areas such as the grounding line of the ice sheet. By bringing these two models together FAMOUS-BISICLES can simulate climate-ice sheet interactions over thousands of years.

Following PMIP4 (Palaeoclimate Model Intercomparison Project 4) protocols, the team used ongoing climate model outputs for sea surface temperatures and sea ice to drive the simulations. They assessed the impact of concentrations of greenhouse gases, variations in the Earth’s orbit and orientation relative to the Sun, and uncertainties in model parameters and sea surface temperature, on the model projections of the patterns of ice retreat.

The study projected that there was an acceleration of ice retreat during the final stages of the last glacial person (referred to as Bølling warming), but results varied dependent on the type of terrain and the abruptness of sea surface temperatures. The study also identified marine-based sections of the ice sheet as particularly sensitive to ocean changes.

Understanding how and why ice sheets retreated during previous deglaciations gives us a longer-term perspective on ice sheet behaviour, extending far beyond the few decades of satellite observations. Coupled models like FAMOUS-BISICLES can be tested against these past events, helping us refine and validate the tools we use to project current and future ice loss.

Find out more by reading the abstract and attending their presentation online or in-person at EGU26.

Feature image credit: Dr Amy Swiggs

Header mage credit: Professor Ali Banwell